Students begin with the foundational subjects required for understanding eye diseases and visual function. These include: Ocular anatomy and embryology Physiology of the eye and visual pathways Ocular biochemistry Pathology and microbiology Pharmacology related to ophthalmic drugs Optics and refraction

This section focuses on diagnosing and managing common and complex eye disorders. Topics include: Cataract and lens disorders Glaucoma Corneal diseases and infections Retinal and vitreous disorders Uveitis and ocular inflammation Neuro-ophthalmology Pediatric ophthalmology and squint Oculoplasty and orbital diseases Refractive errors and low vision care

Students receive hands-on training in modern ophthalmic diagnostic procedures such as: Slit-lamp examination Fundoscopy Tonometry Visual acuity assessment Gonioscopy Perimetry and visual field testing OCT and retinal imaging Fluorescein staining and angiography

The curriculum includes supervised surgical exposure and minor ophthalmic procedures, including: Cataract surgery observation and assistance Chalazion incision and curettage Foreign body removal Lacrimal procedures Suturing techniques Basic microsurgical skills

This lesson introduces students to the techniques used to examine the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels. Learners will understand direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy methods, identify normal fundus anatomy, and recognize common retinal abnormalities associated with conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, hypertension, and macular degeneration. The module also emphasizes clinical interpretation and accurate documentation of fundus findings.